These objectives are used in physiology in particular.
The Axioskop FS microscope is used as a basis in almost all cases.
While cell cultures, for example, are viewed in different vessels with the Axiovert inverted microscopes featuring LD objectives, this is not possible with opaque specimens.
With the Axioskop FS, focusing is performed via the objectives, with the stage fixed in position (FS = Fixed Stage). This upright microscope therefore makes it possible for the objectives to enter in the medium in vessels, e.g. Petri dishes, and to view the specimen from above.

These objectives are also used for transmitted-light examinations, e.g. for the recording of electrical potential in cells. The LD-ACHROPLAN objectives for water immersion are especially tailored to the requirements of electrophysiology (patch-clamp technique), intravital microscopy, examinations for microcirculation and thick specimens, such as living brain sections. These techniques make it particularly necessary to meet some important basic requirements, such as:

• Excellent optical performance
• Suitable design
• Special material for the objective tip

All LD-ACHROPLAN objectives provide a flat 20 mm field.
All contrasting techniques are possible, including high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC). The high numerical aperture of these objectives not only ensures excellent images, but also makes these objectives ideal for fluorescence - not at least due to the use of special glass types for good transmission of the excitation light.
The objectives are also suitable for the INFRAPATCH technique at wavelengths of up to 780 nm.

The slim objective tip and the long working distance of these objectives provide ample space for all microinstruments (patch-clamp electrodes, microinjection capillaries, etc.). to optimally reach the specimen. Large positioning angles can also be obtained to minimize self-capacitance in patch-clamp recordings.

Furthermore, the objective tip is made of a special, insulating plastic material which displays extremely low self-capacitance and does not emit any metal ions into the surrounding medium (inert).
The objectives are corrosion-free, chemically resistant, and display minimal thermal conductivity.

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